The Real "Second Front" in WWII -- and its Effect on Post War History

-

 From the moment he signed the Anglo-Soviet Agreement on 12 July 1941 until the Western Allies landed in Normandy on June 6, 1944, Stalin harangued and harassed the West to open a "Second Front."

 

This isn't surprising. Stalin had been caught flat-footed by the German invasion in June 1941. The Germans came within 11 miles of Moscow before they were halted in December of that year, and they advanced again -- deep into the Soviet Union -- in 1942.  From the first day of the war in the east until Germany's Unconditional Surrender in May 1945, the Soviets faced bitter and costly fighting. There were many defeats, and even when battles ultimately ended in Soviet victories such as at Stalingrad and ultimately Berlin they were costly in terms of men.

Although the numbers remain highly suspect and controversial, there can be no doubt that the Soviet Union suffered horrendous casualties in the course of the war. These were officially reckoned at around 8.6 million military and 7.4 million civilian casualties due to military action to which were added 4.5. million famine deaths in territory occupied by the Germans for a rough total of 20.5 million wartime casualties. (Comparative casualties for Germany, the U.S. and the UK were: between 4.1  and 5.8 million Germans, 1 million Americans - including the Pacific theater - and 450 thousand British.) While so many Soviet soldiers and civilians were dying, the Soviet leadership  demanded that their Allies distract the Germans and take some of the pressure off their hard-pressed forces.

Yet no matter how understandable and legitimate the Soviet demands for a second front were, the Western leaders would have been guilty of treason to their own peoples had they undertaken a full-scale invasion before they had accumulated the personnel, shipping, weapons, munitions and air cover needed to give their armies a fighting chance of success. So until they were ready (as it turned out in June 1944), they tried to appease and placate Stalin with other forms of assistance. 

First and foremost, this took the form of massive amounts of material aid. The British alone sent aid worth GBP 308 million, of which GBP 120 million was food aid, medical supplies and the like, and the rest was war materiel including 7,411 aircraft and 5,218 tanks. The U.S. extended "Lend-Lease" to the Soviet Union and after entering the war against Germany on 11 December 1941 sent USD 11.3 billion worth of goods (worth USD 180 billion in today's currency). This included 400,000 vehicles, 14,000 warplanes, 13,000 tanks, and 2.7 million tons of petroleum products. 

Yet while these weapons helped the Soviets fight, they did not ease the pressure on the Red Army. The Soviets wanted something that would draw troops away from the "Eastern Front." Obviously, this was partially achieved by secondary fronts such as North Africa, but at the end of the day the resources diverted to these fronts were minimal and hardly noticeable in the bitter struggle waged between Hitler's Germany and the Soviet Union. For example, the Germans' deadliest anti-tank weapon was the Wehrmacht's 88mm guns; Rommel had only 35 of them when he entered the critical battle with the British 8th Army at El Alamein. 

Yet while Rommel was starved of 88s, no less than 9,000 of Germany's tank-killing guns were deployed inside the Reich -- to fight the air offensive. In addition, 900,000 German troops were held back in the Reich to man the anti-aircraft defenses -- in addition to the old men and boys of the Volksstrum who assisted these soldiers. Note: 900,000 soldiers is more than Germany deployed in the Battle of Stalingrad. Likewise 70% of the Luftwaffe's fighter aircraft were stationed in the Reich and occupied Western Europe in an effort to bring down Allied bombers rather than supporting German land forces in their struggle against the Soviet Union. By April 1944, the Luftwaffe had just 500 fighters on the Easter Front to face some 13,000 Soviet aircraft. 

In short, the Allied Air Offensive against Germany was the "Second Front" in the sense that it effectively drew vital German military resources away from the Eastern Front and tied them to the defense of the Reich. Any assessment of the effectiveness of the Air War must include this factor in addition to the damage done by strategic bombing.

Yet there is an even more fascinating aspect of the strategic bombing offensive almost always overlooked in Western literature and that is the impact it had on the Soviet leadership and more specifically Stalin. According to sources inside the Kremlin, specifically intelligence officers of the occupation economic department, Stalin was stunned by the destruction to Berlin caused by Allied bombers. This he saw first hand when attending the Potsdam Conference in the summer of 1945. It left him with a profound fear of Allied air power -- a fear so great that it made him more wary of war with the West than he had been before his face-to-face encounter with the capabilities of Western strategic bombers. 
 
That simple if collateral effect of the strategic bombing offensive may have saved the world from greater tyranny and bloodshed than did the bombs themselves in bringing down Nazi Germany.

My novels about the RAF in WWII are intended as tributes to the men in the air and on the ground that made a victory in Europe against fascism possible. 

Riding the icy, moonlit sky, 

they took the war to Hitler. 

Their chances of survival were less than fifty percent. 

Their average age was 21.

This is the story of just one bomber pilot, his crew and the woman he loved. 

It is intended as a tribute to them all.  

Buy now on amazon

or Barnes and Noble. 

 

Disfiguring injuries, class prejudice and PTSD are the focus of three heart-wrenching tales set in WWII by award-winning novelist Helena P. Schrader. Find out more at: https://crossseaspress.com/grounded-eagles


 

  

 

 

 

 

"Where Eagles Never Flew" was the the winner of a Hemingway Award for 20th Century Wartime Fiction and a Maincrest Media Award for Military Fiction. Find out more at: https://crossseaspress.com/where-eagles-never-flew

For more information about all my aviation books visit: https://www.helenapschrader.com/aviation.html




Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Humble Heroes of the Berlin Airlift : C-74 Globemaster

-
Image
  The largest cargo aircraft to fly the Berlin Airlift was the USAF C-74. Yet while this impressive cargo carrier made some spectacular attention-grabbing flights, it was not routinely employed on the humanitarian effort to keep Berlin free.   In early 1942, just after the US military laid claim to all DC-4s in production, Douglas Aircraft Corporation started work on the design of a larger more capable cargo plane to meet the exploding transport needs of the army. Top of the list of requirements was the ability to transport light tanks, howitzers and bulldozers. A prototype was finished by 1945, but the end of the war caused the military to reduce their order from 50 to 14. Of these, only 11 saw service, and one lost a wing during a test flight, causing Douglas to undertake major modifications that resulted in a new aircraft, the C-124, which proved to be more successful. The C-124, however, did not take flight until 1950, making the C-74 the largest aircraft available to the ...
Read more

Forgotten Heroes of the Berlin Airlift - Air Commodore Waite

-
Image
  At roughly 5 pm on 24 June 1948, the day the Russians started the blockade of the Western Sectors of Berlin, a reporter asked the American Military Governor in Germany General Lucius D. Clay whether the city could be supplied entirely from the air. Clay gave a clear an decisive answer; he said: "Absolutely not." Yet on the next day he instituted the airlift. His change of heart can be traced back to one man, a forgotten hero if there ever was one: Air Commodore Reginald Waite. Waite's contribution to the Berlin Airlift was decisive. Prior to his intervention, the Allies were divided over whether to withdraw their garrisons from Berlin or try to fight their way down the autobahn. Waite's calculations showing that an airlift could sufficiently replenish Berlin's stockpiles of necessary goods to buy the Allies time to negotiate were decisive in creating consensus for the launch of an airlif -- yet there are history books about the Berlin Blockade that ...
Read more

Humble Heroes of the Berlin Airlift: The C-54 Skymaster

-
Image
  While the C-47/Dakota -- the military versions of the DC-3 -- became the symbol of the Berlin Airlift because they were the first aircraft Britain and the United States sent to Berlin with supplies, the DC-3 did not make the greatest contribution. That honour goes to the larger, four-engine C-54. The C-54 'Skymaster' was born out of a commercial design by Douglas Aircraft corporation which had been developed to meet commercial demands for a larger, long-range passenger transport. It was designated the DC-4. By the time the design was ready for testing, however, the United States had entered WWII. The US military immediately appropriated all 80 aircraft already ordered and pressed them into service. The government needed a plane that could rapidly deliver people and dispatches over long distances, notably across the Atlantic.  Within months, however, more orders were placed for a cargo version of the DC-4. These versions had removable seats and could carry either passengers o...
Read more